Foundations of Organic Chemistry [repost]

Chemistry is defined as the study of matter and its properties. With regard to this definition, the roots of the study of chemistry can be traced back to more than one ancient civilization. Most notably, the Greeks and Chinese each independently postulated thousands of years ago that there must be a small number of elemental substances from which all other things were created as admixtures. Remarkably, both civilizations theorized that air, earth, water, and fire were among those elements. It was much more recently, however—just about 300 years ago—that famed French nobleman and chemist Antoine Lavoisier correctly identified one of the elements experimentally.

Lavoisier’s discovery is often cited as the event that heralded the birth of chemistry as a proper science. Theorizing based on observation of natural systems began to give way to controlled testing of the properties of matter, leading to an explosion of understanding, the echoes of which are still ringing in modern-day laboratories.

Organic chemistry is the subject dedicated to the study of a deceptively simple set of molecules—those based on carbon. Even today, centuries after the most basic governing principles of this subject were discovered, many students struggle to make sense of this science. At the university level, professors are often in a race against time to dispense the vast body of knowledge on organic chemistry to their students before semester’s end, leaving little time for discussion of exactly how this information came to be known or of just how new experimentation might change the world we live in. This course endeavors to fill that gap.

As humanity’s understanding of chemistry grew, so did the library of elements that had been isolated and identified, yet even as this library of elements grew, one of the simplest of them—carbon—seemed to play a very special and indispensable role in many small molecules. This was particularly true of the molecules harvested from living organisms. So obvious was the importance of this role that chemists dubbed the study of the fundamental molecules of life “organic chemistry,” a science that today has been expanded to include any molecule relying principally on carbon atoms as its backbone.

In this course, you will investigate the role of carbon in organic molecules—sometimes acting as a reactive site on molecules, sometimes influencing reactive sites on molecules, but always providing structural support for an ever-growing library of both naturally occurring and man-made compounds.

Other elements will join the story, bonding with carbon scaffolds to create compounds with a stunningly broad array of properties. Most notable are the elements hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, and bromine. The presence of these elements and others in organic chemistry spices up the party, but none of them can replace carbon in its central role.

The goal of this course is to take the uninitiated student on a tour of the development and application of the discipline of organic chemistry, noting some of the most famous minds to dedicate themselves to this science in the past few centuries, such as Dmitry Mendeleev (of periodic table fame), Friedrich Wöhler (the father of modern organic chemistry), and Alfred Nobel (the inventor of dynamite and founder of the most influential scientific prize in the history of humanity). You will also meet some very famous scientists from other fields whose forays into organic chemistry helped shape the science, such as Louis Pasteur of microbiology fame and Michael Faraday, the father of electromagnetism.

Approximately the first half of the course is dedicated to building the foundations of understanding modern organic chemistry. In this portion of the course, you will investigate the structure of the atom, the energetic rationale for chemical bonding between atoms to create compounds, how specific collections of atoms bonded in specific ways create motifs called functional groups, and ultimately the ways in which the bonds in these functional groups form and break in chemical reactions that can be used to convert one compound into another.

Next, you will apply that understanding of organic fundamentals to more complex, but often misunderstood, molecular systems, such as starches, proteins, DNA, and more. In the final portion of the course, you will turn your attention to how organic chemists purify and characterize their new creations in the laboratory, investigating techniques as ancient as distillation and as modern as nuclear magnetic studies.

After completing this course, the successful student will have all of the tools needed to have a meaningful dialogue with a practicing organic chemist about the theory behind his or her work, the interpretation of the results that he or she obtains in the lab, and—most of all—the impact that modern experimentation in organic chemistry might have on the future of humanity.



Lectures:

01–Why_Carbon
02–Structure of the Atom and Chemical Bonding
03–Drawing Chemical Structures
04–Drawing Chemical Reactions
05–Acid–Base Chemistry
06–Stereochemistry–Molecular_Handedness
07–Alkanes–Simplest_Hydrocarbons
08–Cyclic_Alkanes
09–Alkenes_and_Alkynes
10–Alkyl_Halides
11–Substitution_Reactions
12–Elimination_Reactions
13–Addition_Reactions
14–Alcohols_and_Ethers
15–Aldehydes_and_Ketones
16–Organic_Acids_and_Esters
17–Amines,_Imines,_and_Nitriles
18–Nitrates,_Amino_Acids,_and_Amides
19–Conjugation_and_the_Diels-Alder_Reaction
20–Benzene_and_Aromatic_Compounds
21–Modifying_Benzene-Aromatic_Substitution
22–Sugars_and_Carbohydrates
23–DNA_and_Nucleic_Acids
24–Amino_Acids,_Peptides,_and_Proteins
25–Metals_in_Organic_Chemistry
26–Synthetic_Polymers
27–UV-Visible_Spectroscopy
28–Infrared_Spectroscopy
29–Measuring_Handedness_with_Polarimetry
30–Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance
31–Advanced_Spectroscopic_Techniques
32–Purifying_by_Recrystallization
33–Purifying_by_Distillation
34–Purifying_by_Extraction
35–Purifying_by_Chromatography
36–Future_of_Organic_Chemistry