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Entropy – the key concept of thermodynamics, clearly explained and carefully illustrated. This book presents an accurate definition of entropy in classical thermodynamics which does not “put the cart before the horse” and is suitable for basic and advanced university courses in thermodynamics. Entropy is the most important and at the same time the most difficult term of thermodynamics to understand. Many students are discontent with its classical definition since it is either based on “temperature” and “heat” which both cannot be accurately defined without entropy, or since it includes concepts such as “molecular disorder” which does not fit in a macroscopic theory. The physicists Elliott Lieb and Jakob Yngvason have recently developed a new formulation of thermodynamics which is free of these problems. The Lieb-Yngvason formulation of classical thermodynamics is based on the concept of adiabatic accessibility and culminates in the entropy principle. The entropy principle represents the accurate mathematical formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Temperature becomes a derived quantity whereas ”heat” is no longer needed. This book makes the Lieb-Yngvason theory accessible to students. The presentation is supplemented by seven illustrative examples which explain the application of entropy and the entropy principle in practical problems in science and engineering.

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This book presents the operational aspects of the rocket engine on a test facility. It will be useful to engineers and scientists who are in touch with the test facility. To aerospace students it shall provide an insight of the job on the test facility. And to interested readers it shall provide an impression of this thrilling area of aerospace.

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The emphasis of this book is on engineering aspects of fluid turbulence. The book explains for example how to tackle turbulence in industrial applications. It is useful to several disciplines, such as, mechanical, civil, chemical, aerospace engineers and also to professors, researchers, beginners, under graduates and post graduates. The following issues are emphasized in the book: - Modeling and computations of engineering flows: The author discusses in detail the quantities of interest for engineering turbulent flows and how to select an appropriate turbulence model; Also, a treatment of the selection of appropriate boundary conditions for the CFD simulations is given. - Modeling of turbulent convective heat transfer: This is encountered in several practical situations. It basically needs discussion on issues of treatment of walls and turbulent heat fluxes. - Modeling of buoyancy driven flows, for example, smoke issuing from chimney, pollutant discharge into water bodies, etc

Reactive ?uids are present in many situations of great importance, such as in combustion chambers or around spacecraft re-entering the atmosphere. - alyzing the ?ow properties of such ?uids represents one of the most di?cult challenges to current technology. Indeed, all of the most di?cult aspects of ?uid mechanics appear to be grouped together in this research ?eld! Such ?uids are complex mixtures with compositions that vary rapidly in time and space. They are not usually at thermodynamic equilibrium, since the reaction times of the chemical reactions involved may not be negligible in comparison with the transit time of the ?uid. However, the author of this book limits its scope to typical phenomena that are not very far from local equilibrium but can nevertheless exhibit the most important types of irreversible processes. The production of entropy is highly dependent on the chemical reactionpa- way, which is di?cult to simplify. Also, most of the classical problems that characterize?uid mechanics—such as turbulence, the presence of thin bou- ary layers or shear layers, and the propagation of acoustic waves and shock waves—are also present, and are much more di?cult to analyze and describe than they are for homogeneous?uids, because reactive mixtures interact with these phenomena. For example, density is highly dependent on the chemical pathway since it is determined by the local and instantaneous production of chemical species, and so its value a?ects many other quantities through the equation of state and the balances of mass, momentum, and energy.

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When a heating fluid transfers heat to a heated fluid through a wall, if the fluids are in parallel flow or counter flow it is possible to compute exactly both the transferred heat and the temperatures of the fluids via well-known equations. This holds true both for design and verification computation. However, the motion of the fluids is never in parallel flow or counter flow in heat exchangers and in tube banks. Instead, it is rather complex and consists of a combination of various cross flows. Hence, a precise design of the above components requires, on a case-by-case basis, the availability of the value of certain crucial factors or of corrective factors so as to make it possible to use the equations relative to parallel flow or counter flow. This handbook contains the introduction to the problem, its design criteria, and about 70 tables for the exact design and verification computation. It also indicates how to proceed in the case of cross flow.