Practical Clinical Chemistry From Scratch

support diagnosis ,treatment and decision making in medicine

What you'll learn
Introduction to clinical chemistry analytes that are measured using clinical chemistry tests Types of biologic specimens that may be used  for testing
Measurement principales
Accurate test result is our aim
microscopic examination
Test for analytes in amixtures
where you can  find errors?
common  clinical chemistry tests
some disases Diabets millitus choronic kidney failure cardiac heart diseases biomarkers Anaemia
Requirements
medical baccground, lab science ack ground,
Description
Clinical laboratory science consists of various specialties such as clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology, microbiology, serology, toxicology and pathologyClinical Chemistry is an exciting field that combines analytics and instrumentation with information technology and management of workflow, staff efficiencies and high volume automation. The field is ever-changing and demands staff have skills in the methodologies and their limitations, technology and troubleshooting equipment, as well as management and ability to adapt operations to evolving clinical needs. At the heart, the laboratory is a service to the physician providing test results that are critical to diagnosing and managing patients. But, the laboratory is also a vital member of the healthcare team and gets involved in utilization, operational efficiencies and improving patient outcomes.course contentsIntroduction to clinical chemistryanalytes that are measured using clinical chemistry testsTypes of biologic specimens that may be used  for testing How the results of tests are interpreted Measurement principales optical (photometric) and electrochemical (potentiometric) – that are most often used to determine concentrations of analytes in the clinical chemistry laboratory.he difference between an endpoint and a rate reactionthe principle of potentiometric measurementChemical reactions of analytes produce products that can be detected by using optical methods; changes in light absorbed, scattered or emitted by these products are used to determine the concentration of the analyte.2.  In potentiometric methods, changes in concentrations of ions are sensed as potential differences between two electrodes. 3.  Calibrators, solutions of known concentration, are used to establish the relationship between the magnitude of an optical or electrical signal and the corresponding concentration of analyte.Quantitation of routine chemistry analytes is typically based on one of two measurement principles – measurement of light (photometry or spectrophotometry) or measurement of electrochemical potential (potentiometry). There are many variations of photometry and potentiometry, but all have in common that the signal the amount of light or electrical voltage is predictably related to the amount of analyte in solution.Accurate test result is our aimDistinguish between precision and accuracy •  Describe how calibrator values are assigned•  Identify the roles of proficiency testing (PT)/external quality assurance (EQA) and quality control testing programs in ensuring accuracy of test results1. Laboratory tests must meet precision and accuracy standards.2. Accuracy, closeness to a true value, depends on a valid calibration process.3. Calibrator value assignment is linked to a certified reference material, a recognized reference method or a consensus process that provides “traceability”.4. Laboratories use quality control and proficiency testing to monitor the precision and accuracy of test methods.Test for analytes in amixturesMeasurement of one substance when it is part of a complex mixture of substances provides special challenges. A measurement method that works well for determining the amount of an analyte in a relatively pure form may be completely unsatisfactory when the analyte is in a mixture of cells, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and trace minerals. Methods for the analysis of analytes in complex biologic mixtures require special approaches to minimize or eliminate interference from other substances. Some of the approaches frequently used in clinical chemistry such as blanking, rate methods, pretreatment, reagent specificity and ion-selective electrodes are described in more detail in the following sections.where you can  find errors?preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical errors1. Patient preparation and proper collection and handling of specimens are important preanalytical steps to ensure the validity of a test result.2. Hemolysis, icterus and lipemia (HIL) are three of the most common sources  of interfering substances found in blood serum and plasma samples.• Hemolyisis refers to color of hemoglobin released from destroyed red blood cells• Icterus refers to color from bilirubin• Lipemia refers to turbidity from high lipid concentrations, usually triglycerides   If unrecognized, their presence may cause overestimation or underestimation of  the analyte concentration.3. Automated instrumentation includes numerous algorithms to detect potential sources of error and alert the operator. common  clinical chemistry tests 1. Clinical chemistry tests measure a wide variety of analytes that reflect many different organ systems and diseases.2. Some test results are specific indicators for a single organ system or disease; others are general indicators of a disease or disorder, but do not pinpoint the specific organ or disease process. 3. Tests are performed for different reasons. Some tests help diagnose a disease, others monitor the course of the disease progression or effectiveness of therapy, and still others are used to screen for risk of developing a disease. Hundreds of compounds, molecules and ions circulate in body fluids. Many of these can be measured by tests used in clinical chemistry laboratories. These tests are valuable in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease. some disasesDiabets millitus choronic kidney failurecardiac heart diseases biomarkersAnaemia

Overview

Section 1: Introduction

Lecture 1 Introduction

Lecture 2 introduction

Lecture 3 Biologigical specimens

Lecture 4 biological specimens in cli fluidsnical chemistry urine and other body

Lecture 5 clinical chemistry Referance intervals

Section 2: Measurements methods

Lecture 6 photometry

Lecture 7 potetiometry

Section 3: measuring an analyte when it is present in a complex mixture of biologic molecul

Lecture 8 measuring an analyte when it is present in a complex mixture of biologic molecul

Lecture 9 detection of enzymatic activity ,Antiodeies ,ions

Section 4: Accuracy of lab test result

Lecture 10 accuracy

Lecture 11 Accuracy in lab2

Lecture 12 soursces of errors

Lecture 13 sources of error2

Section 5: Measuring Analytes

Lecture 14 measuring Ions and Electrolytes

Lecture 15 measuring small molecules

Lecture 16 measuring proteins

Lecture 17 different proteins intervals why measuring

Lecture 18 immunogloulin

Lecture 19 immunogloulines types reference intervals

Lecture 20 complement system

Lecture 21 clotting proteins

Lecture 22 Enzymes

Lecture 23 tumer markers

Lecture 24 lipids and lipoproteins

Lecture 25 special proteins

Lecture 26 therutic drug monitoring

Lecture 27 Toxicology and drug of abuse

Section 6: clinical practice

Lecture 28 Diabetes mellitius

Lecture 29 cardiovascular biomarkers

Lecture 30 kidney function test

Lecture 31 Anaemia iron nutrion

Medical lab technologist, medical medical students, lab technicians,physcians,any one intested in lab sciences