"Piping and Pipeline Engineering: Design, Construction, Maintenance, Integrity, and Repair" by George A. Antaki (Repost)

This book is written to present in sequence, and in a way that balances practice and theory, the fundamental principles in materials, design, fabrication, inspection, testing, operation, maintenance and integrity of plant piping systems and pipelines.

The book is intended for designers, construction engineers and inspectors, project engineers, system and maintenance engineers. It applies to plant piping systems and pipelines in power, utilities, waterworks, and chemical process industries, as well as oil and gas pipelines.

Contents
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 CODES, STANDARDS AND PRACTICE
1.1 A Brief History of Piping Technology
1.2 National Codes, Standards and Guides
1.3 Piping and Pipeline Codes
1.4 Scope of ASME B31 Codes
1.5 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
1.6 Federal and State Laws
1.7 ASME Council on Codes and Standards
1.8 ASME B16 Standards
1.9 API Standards and Recommended Practices
1.10 Manufacturers Standardization Society
1.11 Pipe Fabrication Institute Standards
1.12 American Institute of Steel Construction
1.13 American Concrete Institute
1.14 NACE
1.15 Material Institutes
1.16 National Board
1.17 Flow Control Institute Standard
1.18 Hydraulic Institute Pump Standards
1.19 References
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Competence
2.2 At the Engineering Level
2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2 Design
2.2.2.1 System Design
2.2.2.2 Component Design
2.2.3 Construction
2.2.4 Quality Control Inspections
2.2.5 Preoperational Testing
2.2.5.1 Mechanical Testing
2.2.5.2 Operational Testing
2.2.6 Maintenance
2.2.7 Operation
2.3 At the Corporate Level
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS
Introduction: A Good Pastry
3.1 Ferrous Pipe
3.1.1 Wrought Iron
3.1.2 Cast Iron
3.1.3 Steel Pipe and Fittings
3.1.3.1 Essential Characteristics
3.1.3.2 Carbon Steels
3.1.3.3 Alloy Steels
3.1.3.4 High Alloy Steels
3.1.4 Steel Line Pipe
3.2 Non-Ferrous Pipe
3.2.1 Aluminum Alloys
3.2.2 Nickel Alloys
3.2.3 Copper Alloys
3.3 Fabrication of Steel Pipe
3.3.1 Pipe Size
3.3.2 Seamless Pipe
3.3.3 Seam Welded Pipe
3.3.4 Documentation
3.3.5 Microstructure
3.4 Fabrication of Pipe Fittings and Components
3.4.1 Forging
3.4.2 Casting
3.4.3 Sheet Metal
3.4.4 Pipe Specifications
3.4.5 Machining and Finishing
3.4.6 Base Metal Imperfections
3.5 Mechanical Properties
3.5.1 Strength
3.5.2 Hardness
3.5.3 Toughness
3.5.3.1 Charpy V-Notch Toughness
3.5.3.2 Drop Weight Test
3.5.3.3 Fracture Toughness
3.5.4 Fatigue Strength
3.5.5 Physical Properties
3.6 Procurement
3.6.1 Procurement Specification
3.6.2 Supplier Assessment
3.7 References
CHAPTER 4 INTERNAL PRESSURE
4.1 Pressure Design of Piping
4.1.1 Thin Wall Approximation
4.1.2 Pipeline Design Equation
4.1.3 Yield and Wall Thickness
4.2 Pressure Design of Plant Piping
4.2.1 Lame's Formula
4.2.2 Early Design Equation
4.2.3 Piping Design Equations
4.2.4 Allowable Stress
4.2.5 Wall Thickness Allowance
4.3 Yield and Burst Pressure
4.3.1 The Von Mises Yield Pressure
4.3.2 Burst Pressure
4.4 Pressure Design of Plastic Pipe
4.5 Pressure Rating
4.5.1 Pressure Rating
4.5.2 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
4.5.3 Steel Butt Welded Fittings
4.5.4 Steel Flange Ratings
4.5.5 Socket Welding and Threaded Fittings
4.5.6 Valves
4.5.6.1 Shell Strength
4.5.6.2 Seat Tightness
4.5.7 Unlisted Components
4.6 Pressure Stress in Fittings
4.6.1 Pipe Elbows and Bends
4.6.2 Branch Connections and Nozzles
4.6.3 Reinforcement of Branch Connections
4.6.4 End Fillets
4.7 High Pressure Design
4.8 Design Pressure
4.8.1 Design Scenarios
4.8.2 Pressure Excursions
4.9 Over-Pressure Protection
4.10 Burst Energy
4.11 Pipe Specification
4.12 Valve Specification
4.13 References
CHAPTER 5 EXTERNAL PRESSURE
5.1 Buckling Pressure
5.2 ASME Code Design
5.3 References
CHAPTER 6 LAYOUT AND SUPPORTS
6.1 Spacing of Pipe Supports
6.2 Sustained Stress
6.3 Stress Indices
6.4 Design Standards
6.5 Selection of Pipe Supports
6.5.1 Variable Spring
6.5.2 Constant Load Hanger
6.5.3 Rigid Frames
6.5.4 Road Hangers
6.5.5 Pipe Rolls
6.5.6 Rigid Struts
6.5.7 Vibration Dampers
6.5.8 Snubbers
6.5.9 Anchors
6.5.10 Saddles
6.6 Design of Standard Support
6.7 Design of Steel Frames
6.7.1 Design
6.7.2 Construction
6.8 Anchorage to Concrete
6.9 Layout Rules of Good Practice
6.9.1 Equipment Elevations
6.9.2 Equipment Spacing
6.9.3 Piping
6.9.4 Valves
6.9.5 Pump Piping
6.9.6 Compressor Piping
6.10 References
CHAPTER 7 FLEXIBILITY AND FATIGUE
7.1 Layout for Flexibility
7.2 Simplified Flexibility Analysis
7.3 Fatigue
7.4 Smooth Specimen Fatigue
7.5 Pipe Component Fatigue
7.6 Fatigue Strength of Socket Welds
7.7 Fatigue Strength of Butt Welds
7.8 ASME B31 Fatigue Rules
7.9 Fracture Mechanics Approach
7.10 Corrosion Fatigue
7.11 Shakedown
7.12 Cold Spring
7.13 Through-Wall Temperatures
7.14 Creep Damage
7.15 Pipe Insulation
7.16 Expansion Joints
7.17 References
CHAPTER 8 VIBRATION
8.1 Root Cause
8.2 Mechanically Induced Vibration
8.3 Vibration Analysis
8.4 Hydraulic Induced Vibration
8.4.1 Vane and Piston Motion
8.4.2 Turbulence Induced Vibration
8.4.3 Cavitation and Air Pockets
8.4.4 Acoustic Resonance
8.4.5 Breathing Mode
8.4.6 Valve Noise
8.5 Measuring Vibration
8.5.1 Measuring Displacement
8.5.2 Measuring Velocity
8.5.3 Measuring Acceleration
8.5.4 Strain Gages
8.5.5 Signal Conditioners and Analyzers
8.6 Assessing Vibration Severity
8.6.1 Severity Charts
8.6.2 Pipe Vibration Analysis
8.7 Prevention and Mitigation
8.7.1 Eliminate the Source
8.7.2 Good Layout and Supports
8.7.3 Preoperational Testing
8.7.4 Reducing Turbulence and Cavitation
8.7.5 Pulsation Damper
8.7.6 Damping
8.7.7 Flexible Connections
8.8 References
CHAPTER 9 FLUID TRANSIENTS
9.1 Single Liquid Phase
9.1.1 Bulk or Propagative Flow
9.1.2 Pressure Change in Bulk Flow
9.1.3 Waterhammer
9.1.4 Valve Characteristics
9.1.5 One-to-Two Phase Transient
9.1.6 Pump Fill Rate
9.1.7 Prevention of Liquid Waterhammer
9.2 Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Waterhammer
9.2.1 Steam-Water Waterhammer
9.2.2 Case Histories
9.2.3 Predicting the Effects of Two-Phase Transients
9.2.4 Steam System Layout
9.3 Non-Condensable Two-Phase Waterhammer
9.3.1 Flow Regime
9.3.2 Analysis of Slug Flow
9.3.3 Trapped Air
9.4 Stress Analysis
9.5 References
CHAPTER 10 WIND DESIGN
10.1 Wind Damage
10.2 Wind Pressure
10.3 Vortex Shedding
10.4 Wind-Borne Missiles
10.5 References
CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT
11.1 The Seismic Challenge
11.2 Seismic Specification
11.2.1 Project Specification
11.2.2 Seismic Input
11.2.3 Seismic Qualification
11.2.3.1Operability
11.2.3.2 Leak Tightness
11.2.3.3 Position Retention
11.2.4 Material Condition
11.2.5 Interactions
11.2.6 Documentation
11.2.7 Maintenance
11.2.8 Definition of Common Terms
11.3 Rules of Good Practice
11.4 Seismic Analysis Techniques
11.5 Seismic Input Based on IBC
11.6 Seismic Response Spectra
11.6.1 Seismic Input
11.6.2 Modal and Directional Combinations
11.7 Seismic Qualification
11.8 Shake Table Testing
11.9 Seismic Interactions
11.9.1 Description
11.9.2 Interaction Review
11.9.3 Falling Interactions
11.9.4 Rocking or Swing Impact
11.9.5 Significant Impact
11.10 References
CHAPTER 12 EXPLOSIONS
12.1 Deflagration and Detonation
12.2 Dynamic Loads
12.3 Dynamic Properties
12.4 Pressure Limits
12.5 Design Criteria
12.5.1 Quasi-Static Load
12.5.2 Impulsive Load
12.5.3 Fracture
12.6 Explosion Protection
12.7 External Explosions
12.8 References
CHAPTER 13 SUBSEA PIPELINES
13.1 Subsea Pipeline Safety
13.2 Design Process
13.3 Internal Pressure
13.4 External Pressure
13.5 Pipe Lowering
13.6 On-Bottom Stability
13.6.1 Objective
13.6.2 Static Analysis
13.7 Pipeline Flotation
13.8 Fatigue Design
13.9 Hook and Pull
13.10 References
CHAPTER 14 BURIED PIPE
14.1 To Bury or not to Bury
14.2 Internal Pressure
14.3 Soil Loads
14.4 Surface Loads
14.5 Thermal Expansion and Contraction
14.6 Ground Movement
14.7 Seismic
14.8 References
CHAPTER 15 WELDING
15.1 Shop and Field Welding
15.2 Welding Processes
15.2.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding
15.2.2 Submerged Arc Welding
15.2.3 Gas Metal Arc Welding
15.2.4 Flux Core Arc Welding
15.2.5 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
15.2.6 Welding Parameters
15.2.7 Gas Purging
15.2.8 Mechanized Welding
15.3 Weld Defects
15.3.1 Weld Metallurgy
15.3.2 Porosities '
15.3.3 Cracks
15.3.3.1 Hot Cracking
15.3.3.2 Delayed Cracking
15.3.4 Inclusions
15.3.5 Root Concavity and Undercut
15.3.6 Incomplete Penetration
15.3.7 Lack of Fusion
15.3.8 Shrinkage
15.4 Codes, Standards and Practice
15.4.1 ASMEB3 land API 1104
15.4.2 American Welding Society
15.4.3 Electrode Nomenclature
15.4.4 Welder and Weld Procedure Qualification
15.5 Post-Weld Heat Treatment
15.6 In-Service Welding
15.7 Surfacing Techniques
15.8 References
CHAPTER 16 EXAMINATION
16.1 Visual Examination
16.2 Magnetic Particles Testing
16.3 Liquid Penetrant Testing
16.4 Radiographic Testing
16.5 Ultrasonic Testing
16.6 Eddy Current Testing
16.7 Acoustic Emission Testing
16.8 Thermography
16.9 Measurement Accuracy
16.10 Type and Extent of Examinations
16.11 Acceptance Criteria
16.12 Personnel Certification
16.13 Pipeline Pigs
16.13.1 Utility Pigs
16.14 References
CHAPTER 17 PIPE FLANGE
17.1 Flange Standards
17.2 Flange Types
17.3 Flange Gaskets
17.3.1 Selection Factors
17.3.2 Non-Metallic Gaskets
17.3.3 Semi-Metallic Gaskets
17.3.4 Metallic Gaskets
17.4 Flange Faces
17.5 Flange Ratings
17.6 Flange Bolt Torque
17.7 External Loads
17.8 Assembly of Pipe Flanges
17.8.1 Assembly Steps
17.8.2 Closing the Gap
17.9 Nuts and Bolts
17.9.1 Definitions
17.9.2 Bolt Fabrication
17.9.3 Bolt Specifications
17.9.4 Nut, Washer Specifications
17.9.5 Restrictions
17.9.6 Corrosion Prevention
17.10 Maintenance
17.10.1 Flange Assembly Sequence
17.10.2 Replacing a Gasket
17.10.3 Welding a Slip-On Flange
17.10.4 Leakage Diagnostics
17.10.5 Refinishing Flange Faces
17.11 References
CHAPTER 18 MECHANICAL JOINTS
18.1 What they Are
18.2 Swage Firings
18.3 Grooved Fittings
18.4 In Conclusion
CHAPTER 19 LEAK AND PRESSURE TEST
19.1 Leak Test and Pressure Test
19.2 Leak and Pressure Test Methods
19.3 Choice of Test Method
19.4 Conduct of Test
19.4.1 Plan the Test
19.4.2 Conduct the Test
19.4.3 Plan for Leaks
19.4.4 Drain and Dry
19.5 Isolation
19.6 Locating Leaks Underground
19.7 References
CHAPTER 20 DEGRADATION IN SERVICE
20.1 A Critical Decision
20.2 General Corrosion
20.2.1 Progressive Corrosion
20.2.2 Passivating Coating
20.3 Local Corrosion
20.4 Galvanic Corrosion
20.5 Erosion Corrosion
20.6 Environmental Effects
20.7 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
20.8 High Temperature Effects
20.9 Mechanical Damage
20.10 Lining and Coating
20.10.1 Properties
20.10.2 Liquid Organics
20.10.3 Multilayer Coating
20.10.4 Metallic Coatings
20.11 Corrosion Inhibitors
20.12 Material Selection
20.13 References
CHAPTER 21 FITNESS-FOR-SERVICE
21.1 Fitness-for-Service
21.2 Wall Thinning
21.2.1 Measurement
21.2.2 Ductile Fracture Initiation
21.2.3 Longitudinal Thinning
21.2.4 Circumferential Thinning
21.2.5 Cautions
21.3 Crack Flaws
21.3.1 Brittle and Ductile Fracture
21.3.2 Fundamental Approach
21.3.3 Stress Intensity
21.3.4 Fitness-for-Service Evaluation
21.3.5 Crack Arrest
21.3.6 Fatigue
21.4 Mechanical Damage
21.4.1 Ripple
21.4.2 Buckle and Wrinkle
21.4.3 Dent
21.4.4 Dent with Gouge
21.5 References
CHAPTER 22 MAINTENANCE, RELIABILITY AND FAILURE ANALYSIS
22.1 Case History
22.2 Maintenance Objective
22.3 Maintenance Plan
22.4 Maintenance Strategies
22.5 Corrective Maintenance
22.6 Failure Modes
22.7 Pro-Active Maintenance
22.7.1 Preventive or Predictive Maintenance
22.7.2 Inspection Checklists
22.7.2.1 Piping and Vessels
22.7.2.2 Supports
22.8 PDM Techniques
22.9 Reliability
22.10 Maintenance and the Construction Codes
22.11 Elements of Failure Analysis
22.11.1 Data Collection
22.11.2 Visual Examination, Macrofractography and NDE
22.11.3 Metallography and Microfractography
22.11.4 Chemical Analysis
22.11.5 Mechanical Tests
22.11.6 Stress and Fracture Analysis
22.11.7 Improvements
22.12 References
CHAPTER 23 REPAIR TECHNIQUES
23.1 Repair Strategy
23.2 Replacement
23.3 Grinding Out Defects
23.4 Weld Overlay
23.5 Full Encirclement Sleeve
23.6 Fillet Welded Patch
23.7 Flush Welded Patch
23.8 Welded Leak Box
23.9 Mechanical Clamp
23.10 Composite Overwrap
23.11 Buried Pipe Rehabilitation
23.12 Brushed and Sprayed Lining and Coating
23.13 Pipe Straightening
23.14 References
CHAPTER 24 PLASTIC PIPE
24.1 Plastic Form
24.2 Size
24.3 Chemical Resistance
24.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties
24.5 Pressure Design
24.6 Pressure Cycling Fatigue
24.7 Pressure Design of Fittings
24.8 Support Spacing
24.9 Fabrication and Examination
24.9.1 Solvent Cementing
24.9.2 Coated Adhesive
24.9.3 Butt Strap Adhesive
24.9.4 Hot Plate Butt Fused Joint
24.9.5 Hot Plate Socket Joint
24.9.6 Hot Air Welding
24.9.7 Electrofusion
24.9.8 Flange Joints
24.10 Bonding Qualification
24.11 References
CHAPTER 25 VALVES
25.1 Overview
25.2 Gate Valves
25.3 Globe Valves
25.4 Plug Valves
25.5 Ball Valves
25.6 Butterfly Valves
25.7 Diaphragm Valves
25.8 Check Valves
25.9 Safety and Relief Valves
25.10 Control Valves
25.11 Sizing Gas Control Valves
25.12 Valve Actuators
25.13 Closure Test
25.14 References
APPENDIX STANDARD PIPE SIZES