Osteoporosis Pocket Guide: Full Illustrated

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Osteoporosis
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder that is characterized by progressive low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (Figure 1.1). This causes bone fragility and increased fracture risk in elderly populations. The worldwide prevalence of osteoporosis is estimated at approximately 200 million, and the WHO (World Health Organization) estimates that more than 8.9 million fractures occur annually worldwide (Table 1.1). Importantly, the disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, as many affected individuals become disabled or develop life-threatening complications. Approximately 1% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to noncommunicable diseases worldwide are caused by osteoporosis (Kanis, 2008).

Table of Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Osteoporosis
Introduction
Diagnosis
Osteopenia
Prevention
Risk factors
Age
Gender
Secondary osteoporosis
Conclusion
Chapter 2: Normal Bone Physiology
Bone physiology
The skeleton
Bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Bone growth
Bone homeostasis
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Bone modeling and bone remodeling
Bone homeostasis and mechanical signaling
Bone homeostasis and osteoimmunity
Bone homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism
Bone homeostasis and mineral metabolism
Bone homeostasis, the endocrine system, and energy metabolism
Bone homeostasis and steroid hormones
Androgens
Estrogen
Progesterone
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Bone homeostasis and microRNA
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Osteoporosis Pathophysiology
Osteoporosis pathophysiology
Bone remodeling, bone quality, and osteoporosis
Microdamage and osteoporosis
Age
Age-related bone loss
Age-related secondary hyperparathyroidism
Age and bone marrow fat
Age and reactive oxygen species
Endocrine factors
Estrogen-deficiency induced osteoporosis
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
Hypogonadism
Environmental factors
Nutrition and osteoporosis
Vitamin D deficiency
Calcium deficiency
Obesity and osteoporosis
Alcohol-induced osteoporosis
Smoking and osteoporosis
Mechanical factors
Disuse osteoporosis
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases
An introduction to guidelines
Osteoporosis overview
Epidemiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Fracture risk assessment
BMD
Vertebral imaging
Laboratory tests
Management
Prevention, lifestyle modifications, and non-pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation
Physical therapy and rehabilitation
Monitoring
Prognosis
Special concerns
Diagnosis and management of related bone diseases
OPPG
Epidemiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Epidemiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Special concerns
Osteomalacia and rickets
Epidemiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Special concerns
Paget’s disease of bone
Epidemiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
Surgery
Monitoring
Prognosis
Special concerns
Transient osteoporosis
Epidemiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Special concerns
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Osteoporosis
Genetics, epigenetics, and the environment
Genetics, BMD, and osteoporosis
Genetics of BMD and fracture risk
Genetics of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Monogenic diseases and secondary osteoporosis
Genetics of related bone diseases
OPPG
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteomalacia and rickets
Paget’s disease of bone
Epigenetics
Epigenetics, bone homeostasis, and osteoporosis
DNA methylation and bone mass regulation
Osteoporosis and histone modifications
Osteoporosis and miR
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Osteoporosis
New approaches to disease management
Pharmacotherapy
BMPs
Cathepsin K inhibitors
Antibodies that modulate Wnt signaling
Other th