"Ocean Seismo-Acoustics: Low-Frequency Underwater Acoustics" ed. by Tuncay Akal and Jonathan M. Berkson

Proceedings of the Symposium on Ocean Seismo-Acoustics, organized by SACLANT ASW Research Centre, held June 10-14, 1985. Its purpose was toenhance cross-disciplinary dialogue and generate ideas for new research directions. This volume contains papers originating from the Symposium and includes several additional features.

The papers contain the results of development of systematic methods of measuring the physical and acoustical characteristics of the seabe. The authors represent a wide span of interests and studies.

These papers give both the acoustician and the geophysicist a good picture of the other's interests, approaches and techniques.

CONTENTS
1. PROPAGATION: THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS
SOUND PULSE PROPAGATION IN A WEAKLY RANGE DEPENDENT SHALLOW OCEAN
INTRINSIC MODES IN A WEDGE-SHAPED OCEAN WITH STRATIFIED ELASTIC BOTTOM
A GREEN'S FUNCTION METHOD FOR ONE-WAY WAVE PROPAGATION IN A RANGE-DEPENDENT OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
FACTORIZATION AND PATH INTEGRATION OF THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION: NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS
RANGE DEPENDENT PROPAGATION CODES BASED ON WAVE FIELD FACTORIZATION AND INVARIANT IMBEDDING
AN ACOUSTIC REFLECTIVITY METHOD FOR LATERALLY VARYING LAYERED MEDIA
A VECTOR PARABOLIC EQUATION MODEL FOR ELASTIC PROPAGATION
INFLUENCE OF BOTTOM REFRACTION ON THE PROPAGATION OF UNDERWATER SOUND
BOTTOM INTERACTION EFFECTS ON NORMAL MODES: AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH
GAUSSIAN BEAMS AND 3-D BOTTOM INTERACTING ACOUSTIC SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT OF A PARABOLIC APPROXIMATION FOR THE COMPUTATION OF PROPAGATION LOSS IN A RANGE-DEPENDENT ENVIRONMENT
2. PROPAGATION: MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTS
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR OCEAN ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION MODELS
MODELING OF PULSE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS OF BOTTOM INTERACTING SOUND USING THE PARABOLIC EQUATION METHOD
A STUDY OF PROPAGATION LOSS DEPENDENCE ON SEDIMENT LAYER THICKNESS USING THE FAST FIELD PROGRAM
SHEAR WAVE EFFECTS ON PROPAGATION TO A RECEIVER IN THE SUBSTRATE
DESCRIPTION AND SOME RESULTS OF THE OPERATIONAL PROPAGATION LOSS MODEL ALMOST (ACOUSTIC LOSS MODEL FOR OPERATIONAL STUDIES AND TASKS)
EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF HORIZONTAL REFRACTION OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN A WEDGE-LIKE OCEAN
ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION OVER LARGE-SCALE liNEAR OCEAN SLOPES
PREDICTED PARTITIONING OF VLF ACOUSTIC ENERGY IN A RANGE-DEPENDENT ENVIRONMENT
EXPERIMENTS ON SOUND PROPAGATION OVER SLOPED BOTTOMS
THE EFFECT OF UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENT RIGIDITY ON LOW FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION
A PROPAGATION ANOMALY OBSERVED IN THE BARENTS SEA
LONG RANGE LOW FREQUENCY PROPAGATION MEASUREMENTS IN DEEP WATER USING A SEISMIC TOWED ARRAY
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRTUAL MODES IN SHALLOW WATER WITH HIGH SPEED BOTTOM
THE DEDUCTION OF APPROXIMATE VALUES OF SEDIMENT DEPTH FROM PROPAGATION LOSS MEASUREMENTS
3. PROPAGATION: FLUCTUATIONS
RANGE AND TIME DEPENDENCE OF ACOUSTIC INTENSITY FLUCTUATIONS
SHALLOW WATER TOMOGRAPHY
MEDIUM-INDUCED LOW-FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS IN ACOUSTIC TRANSMISSION LOSS: EXAMPLES FROM MEASUREMENTS IN SELECTED GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA USING BORN SERIES THROUGH 4th ORDER
COUPLING OF ACOUSTIC MODES IN THE OCEAN, A COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS
4. BOUNDARY SCATTERING
LONG RANGE, LOW FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC BACKSCATTERING: A SURVEY
DIRECTIONAL MEASUREMENTS OF LOW-FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC BACKSCATTERING FROM THE SEAFLOOR
SEAMOUNT HEIGHT ESTIMATION FROM LONG-RANGE, LOW FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC BACKSCATTER
AN ACOUSTIC MODEL FOR BATHYMETRIC SCATTERING WITH LOW-FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS
EVALUATION OF LOW-FREQUENCY BOTTOM BACKSCATTERING STRENGTH VS GRAZING ANGLE BY MEANS OF MULTIPLE BEAMFORMING
NEAR GRAZING PROPAGATION OVER A LOW ROUGHNESS HARD OCEAN BOTTOM
ESTIMATION OF ICE SURFACE SCATTERING AND ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION IN ARCTIC SEDIMENTS FROM LONG-RANGE PROPAGATION DATA
LOW FREQUENCY ATTENUATION IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN
EFFECT OF SUB-BOTTOM INHOMOGENIETIES ON SHALLOW WATER SPATIAL COHERENCE
MODE COUPLING FROM SUB BOTTOM ROUGHNESS
5. SEDIMENTS: SEISMQ-ACOUSTIC WAVES AND GEOACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS : Acoustic Waves in Marine Sediments
ACOUSTIC WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS
PORE SHAPE AND THE BlOT-STOLL MODEL FOR SATURATED SEDIMENTS
LOW-FREQUENCY ANOMALIES IN THE REFLECTION BEHAVIOUR OF MARINE SEDIMENTS
THE INTERACTION OF LOW-FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC WAVES WITH A ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM SEDIMENT MODEL
PROPAGATOR MATRIX FOR ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION THROUGH ANISOTROPIC POROUS MEDIA
ACOUSTIC-TO-SEISMIC COUPLING AT POROUS GROUND SURFACES
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEA BED RELATED TO SEISMO-ACOUSTICS
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ACOUSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEP SEA SEDIMENTS AND THEIR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
LOW FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS OF THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SURFICIAL SHALLOW WATER SEDIMENT GEOACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
A BOTTOM SHEAR MODULUS PROFILER: INVERSE ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD DATA ON WAVE-INDUCED BOTTOM MOTION
6. SEISMO-ACOUSTIC WAVES: PROPAGATION, ATTENUATION, AND INVERSE TECHNIQUES
ESTIMATION OF SUBSURFACE PARAMETERS IN LOSSY MEDIA
ANALYSIS OF OCEAN-SUBBOTTOM SEISMOGRAPH (OSS) DATA
THE RELATIVE AMPLITUDES OF PRIMARY AND MULTIPLE SIGNALS REFRACTED IN THE OCEAN CRUST
THE PROPAGATION OF Pn
EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF TRANSVERSE ISOTROPY IN THE SEAFLOOR
SEISMIC ANISOTROPY IN THE UPPER CRUST AT DSDP SITE 504B
A BROAD-BAND STUDY OF ATTENUATION IN OCEAN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
ON THE ROLE OF BOTTOM INTERFACE WAVES IN OCEAN SEISMO-ACOUSTICS: A REVIEW
OBSERVATIONS OF INTERFACE WAVES AND LOW-FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION OVER A ROUGH GRANITE SEABED
A COMPARISON OF SEISMIC AND HYDROACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AT VERY LOW FREQUENCIES IN DIFFERENT SHALLOW WATER AREAS
INTERFACE WAVE STUDIES ON THE LIGURIAN SHELF USING AN OBS ARRAY: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND PROPAGATION MODELS
A Study of Sea Floor Structure Using Ocean Bottom Shots and Receivers
SHEAR PROPERTIES OF OCEAN SEDIMENTS DETERMINED FROM NUMERICAL MODELLING OF SCHOLTE WAVE DATA
THE DETERMINATION OF GEOACOUSTIC MODELS IN SHALLOW WATER
THE ESTIMATION OF THE DENSITY, P-WAVE, AND S-WAVE SPEEDS OF THE TOP-MOST LAYER OF SEDIMENTS, FROM WATER BOTTOM REFLECTION ARRIVALS
EFFECTS OF UPPER CRUSTAL GEOACOUSTIC PARAMETERS ON LOW FREQUENCY SOUND
EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING THE PLANE WAVE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT AT THE SEA FLOOR
7. SEISMO-ACOUSTIC NOISE
A STUDY OF OCEAN AND SEISMIC NOISE AT INFRASONIC FREQUENCIES
GEO-ACOUSTIC NOISE LEVELS IN A DEEP OCEAN BOREHOLE
LOW FREQUENCY NOISE FIELDS AND SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
TIME DEPENDENCE OF INFRASONIC AMBIENT SEAFLOOR NOISE ON A CONTINENTAL SHELF
INFRASONIC ATTENUATION AND AMBIENT NOISE
8. TECHNOLOGY AND NEW APPROACHES IN SEISMo-ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
PARAMETRIC SOURCES - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN THE GENERATION OF LOW-FREQUENCY SIGNALS
THE POSTCRITICAL PENETRATION OF LOW FREQUENCY PARAMETRIC BEAMS THROUGH A WATER-SEDIMENT INTERFACE
THE USE OF LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCY INTENSITY FLUCTUATIONS IN SEA-BED SURFACE CLASSIFICATION
OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOLOGY: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS
THE USE OF LOVE WAVES TO DETERMINE THE GEOACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS
DEVELOPMENT OF A DEEP-TOWED SEISMIC SYSTEM A NEW CAPABILTY FOR DEEP-OCEAN ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
SEA-FLOOR SEISMOLOGY : MOBILE OCEAN BOTTOM VERTICAL SEISMIC ARRAY (OBVSA) FOR CONTROLLED SOURCE EXPERIMENTS
A 12-CHANNEL MARINE EEL FOR SHALLOW REFRACTION SURVEYING OF THE SEABOTTOM IN COASTAL WATERS
CHARACTERIZATION OF AVERAGE GEOACOUSTIC BOTTOM PROPERTIES FROM EXPECTED PROPAGATION BEHAVIOR AT VERY LOW FREQUENCIES (VLF) USING A TOWED ARRAY SIMULATION
Contributors
Author Index
Subject Index

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