Harnessing Variable Renewables: A Guide to the Balancing Challenge
OECD/IEA | 24 May 2011 | ISBN: 9789264111394 9789264111387 | 234 pages | PDF | 6 MB
OECD/IEA | 24 May 2011 | ISBN: 9789264111394 9789264111387 | 234 pages | PDF | 6 MB
Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.
Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually.
But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with certain renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring coordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. And whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously.
Table of contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Executive summary
Part 1
1. Introduction
What is in this book?
2. Why is variability a challenge?
Fluctuating supply
Uncertainty
When is the balancing challenge greatest?
3. Greater flexibility is the right response
What is flexibility?
4. Key distinguishing features of power systems
5. The Flexibility Assessment Method
6. Identifying the flexible resource
Dispatchable power plants
Energy storage
Interconnection for trade with adjacent areas
Demand side management and response
Comparing areas using the Flexibility Index.
7. How much of the flexible resource is available?
Dispatchable power plant availability
Energy storage availability
Interconnection availability
Demand side availability
Grid strength and intelligence
Potential market and operational constraints
8. What are the needs for flexibility?
Existing flexibility requirement
Additional requirements of VRE
9. Identifying the Present VRE Penetration Potential
10. What is the cost of balancing variable renewable energy?
Key drivers of balancing costs
Methodology for estimating balancing costs
Estimates of balancing costs
11. Conclusions, recommendations to policy makers and next steps
Conclusions
Recommendations to policy makers
Next steps and further research
Part 2
12. Case study methodology
The balancing timeframe
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Treatment of flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Scoring and weighting of area attributes
Case study results
13. Great Britain and Ireland area (British Isles)
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints.
14. Spain and Portugal area (Iberian Peninsula)
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints
15. Mexico.
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints
16. Nordic
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints
17. Denmark
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints
18. Japan
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints
19. US West 2017
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints
20. Canada Maritime: the NBSO area
Flexibility requirement of VRE
Flexible resources
Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential
Area constraints
Annexes
A. Other integration costs
B. Additional information on VRE technologies
C. Assumptions relating to dispatchable power plants in case-study areas
D. Defining the power area for analysis with the FAST tool
E. The role of CCS in flexible power generation
F. The role of CHP in flexible power generation
G. Treatment of fundamental area attributes in the case-studies
H. Acronyms
I. References
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