The (1+1)-Nonlinear Universe of the Parabolic Map and Combinatorics

This monograph develops chaos theory from properties of the graphs inverse to the parabolic map of the interval [0, 2}, where the height at the midpoint x = 1 may be viewed as a time-like parameter, which together with the x-coordinate, provide the two parameters that uniquely characterize the parabola, and which are used throughout the monograph. There is only one basic mathematical operation used: function composition. The functions studied are the n-fold composition of the basic parabola with itself. However, it is the properties of the graph inverse to this n-fold composition that are the objects whose properties are developed. The reflection symmetry of the basic parabola through the vertical line x = 1 gives rise to two symmetry classes of inverse graphs: the inverse graphs and their conjugates. Quite remarkably, it turns out that that there exists, among all the inverse graphs and their conjugates, a completely deterministic class of inverse graphs and their conjugates. Deterministic in the sense that this class is uniquely determined for all values of the time-like parameter and the x-coordinate, the entire theory, of course, being highly nonlinear it is polynomial in the time-like parameter and in the x-coordinate. The deterministic property and its implementation are keys to the argument that the system is a complex adaptive system in the sense that a few axioms lead to structures of unexpected richness. This monograph is about working out the many details that advance the notion that deterministic chaos theory, as realized by a complex adaptive system, is indeed a new body of mathematics that enriches our understanding of the world around us. But now the imagination is also opened to the possibility that the real universe is a complex adaptive system.