West African Masking Traditions and Diaspora Masquerade Carnivals: History, Memory, and Transnationalism

In recent decades, there has been an explosion of scholarly interest in African-styled traditions and the influence of these traditions upon the African diaspora. In this important new analysis, author Raphael Njoku explores the transnational connections between masquerade narratives and memory over the past four centuries to show how enslaved Africans became culture carriers of inherited African traditions. In doing so, he questions the scholarly predisposition toward ethnicization of African cultural artifacts in the Americas. As Njoku's research shows, the practices reenacted by the Igbo and Bight of Biafra modelers in the Americas were not exact replicas of the African prototypes. Cultural modeling is dynamic, and the inheritors of West African traditions often adapted their customs to their circumstances–altering and transforming the meaning and purpose of the customs they initially represented.

With the Bantu migrations serving as a catalyst for ethnic mixing and change prior to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, African-themed cultural activities in the New World became dilutions of practices from several ethnic African and European nations. African cultures were already experiencing changes through Bantuization; in this well-researched and engagingly written scholarly work, the author explores the extension of this process beyond the African continent.

RAPHAEL CHIJIOKE NJOKU is professor of history at Idaho State University.

This book is openly available in digital formats thanks to a generous grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Memory and Masquerade Narratives: The Art of Remembering
Aspects of Society and Culture in the Biafra Hinterland
Bantu Migrations and Cultural Transnationalism in the Ancient Global Age, c.2500 BCE-1400 CE
Bight of Biafra, Slavery, and Diasporic Africa in the Modern Global Age, 1400-1800
Igbo Masquerade Dances in the African Diasporas: Symbols and Meanings
Unmasking the Masquerade: Counterideologies and Contemporary Practices
Idioms of Religion, Music, Dance, and African Art Forms
Memory and Masquerade Narratives: The Art of Remembering