Functional Diseases of the Esophagus

In the past, these diseases were only studied and treated in a few centres. However, in the last thirty years, thanks to the advent of laparoscopic surgery, interest in these pathologies has broadened considerably, and not only from a surgical point of view: new diagnostic technologies have in fact been developed that have led to more appropriate classifications and endoscopic treatments have been proposed with excellent results; in addition, robotic surgery is emerging in specialised centres and is likely to replace the laparoscopic approach.